What does cancer surgery involve?
Cancer surgery removes the tumor together with a margin of normal tissue around it and, where appropriate, the lymph nodes it drains into. The resected specimen goes to the laboratory, and the report on margins and nodes is what determines both the likely outcome and the treatment that follows.
Surgery is rarely the whole treatment. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be given before the operation to shrink a tumor and make a clear resection possible, or afterwards to reduce the chance of recurrence. Deciding the order is a multidisciplinary judgement based on the tumor type, its stage and the patient's fitness for each step.
Assessed before any treatment is recommended.